Al personale dipendente si applicano le vigenti disposizioni in materia di tutela della maternità contenute nel D. L.gs. n. 151 del 2001, con le specificazioni migliorative di cui all’art. 34 del CCNL 2019/2021 che abroga l’art. 12 del CCNL 29/11/2007. L’articolo 32 del D.lgs. n. 151/01 prevede che, per ciascun bambino, nei primi suoi dodici anni di vita:

  • ciascun genitore ha diritto al congedo parentale;

  • il periodo di congedo complessivamente fruibile da entrambi i genitori è pari a 10 mesi, elevabili a 11, qualora il padre fruisca di un periodo di congedo (continuativo o frazionato) di almeno 3 mesi;

  • alla madre lavoratrice, trascorso il periodo di congedo di maternità, spettano 6 mesi al massimo di congedo parentale, per un periodo continuativo o frazionato;

  • al padre lavoratore, a partire dalla nascita del figlio, per un periodo continuativo o frazionato, spettano al massimo 6 mesi di congedo parentale, elevabili a 7, qualora lo stesso (padre), fruisca del congedo per un periodo continuativo o frazionato non inferiore a 3 mesi;

  • in caso di genitore solo (o nei confronti della quale sia stato disposto l’affidamento unico del figlio), allo stesso spettano 11 mesi di congedo parentale.

Dunque:

  • il congedo spetta ad entrambi i genitori per un periodo massimo di 10 mesi, elevabili a 11, se il padre fruisce di un periodo, continuativo o frazionato, di almeno 3 mesi di congedo;

  • ciascun genitore può fruire al massimo di 6 mesi, che diventano 7 qualora il padre fruisca di un periodo di congedo (continuativo o frazionato) di almeno 3 mesi;

  • è chiaro che, se un genitore fruisce del congedo per sei mesi, l’altro può fruire del restante previsto periodo. Così ad esempio: se la madre fruisce di 6 mesi di congedo, al padre ne restano 5; viceversa, se il padre fruisce di 6 mesi, alla madre ne restano 4.

Quanto detto vale sia per i docenti a tempo indeterminato che per quelli a tempo determinato (per questi ultimi, entro il limiti della durata del rapporto di lavoro).

Nel periodo di congedo di maternità e di paternità, ai sensi degli articoli 16, 17, 27 bis e 28 del D.lgs. n. 151 del 2001 alla lavoratrice o al lavoratore spetta l'intera retribuzione fissa mensile nonché le quote di salario accessorio fisse e ricorrenti.

Successivamente al congedo di maternità o di paternità e sino al compimento del terzo anno di vita del bambino, nei casi previsti dall'art. 47, comma 1, del D. L.gs. n. 151 del 2001, alle lavoratrici madri ed ai lavoratori padri sono riconosciuti trenta giorni per ciascun anno di età del bambino, computati complessivamente per entrambi i genitori, di assenza retribuita secondo le modalità indicate nello stesso comma 3. Resta fermo quanto previsto dall’art. 47, comma 2, del D.Lgs. n. 151 del 2001.

I primi trenta giorni di tale congedo, computati complessivamente per entrambi i genitori e fruibili anche in modo frazionato, non riducono le ferie, sono valutati ai fini dell'anzianità di servizio e sono retribuiti per intero, con esclusione dei compensi per lavoro straordinario e delle indennità per prestazioni disagiate, pericolose o dannose per la salute.

Ai fini della fruizione, anche frazionata, dei periodi di astensione dal lavoro, di cui all'art. 32, comma 1, del D.lgs. n.151 del 2001, la lavoratrice madre o il lavoratore padre presentano la relativa domanda, con l’indicazione della durata, all'ufficio di appartenenza di norma cinque giorni prima della data di decorrenza del periodo di astensione. La domanda può essere inviata anche per mezzo di raccomandata con avviso di ricevimento o altro strumento telematico idoneo a garantire la certezza dell’invio nel rispetto del termine minimo di cinque giorni. Tale disciplina trova applicazione anche nel caso di proroga dell'originario periodo di congedo. Tuttavia in presenza di particolari e comprovate situazioni personali che rendano impossibile il rispetto della disciplina di cui al precedente comma 6, la domanda può essere presentata entro le quarantotto ore precedenti l'inizio del periodo di astensione dal lavoro. 

Quanto alla presa di servizio del docente che può fruire del congedo parentale, la stessa è necessaria, in quanto si può fruire del congedo a domanda, che può essere presentata, una volta perfezionato il rapporto di lavoro. Pertanto, il docente, che ottiene una supplenza ovvero un’assunzione a tempo indeterminato, può fruire del congedo in questione solo dopo la presa di servizio (diverso, invece, è il caso della docente in maternità o interdizione, che non può prendere servizio e per la quale il rapporto di lavoro si perfeziona con la sola accettazione).

In un solo caso è possibile fruire del congedo parentale senza prendere servizio, ossia quando si è in congedo di maternità, si ottiene la supplenza durante tale periodo (essendo in congedo di maternità, il perfezionamento del rapporto di lavoro, come suddetto, avviene con la sola accettazione) e si presenta la richiesta (sempre entro i predetti termini) di congedo parentale.  In tal caso, come precisato dal MEF, con nota n. 33950 del 25 marzo 2009, si può fruire del congedo parentale senza prendere servizio.

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